The European White Paper on Transport sets out a number of new principles that have broad support, particularly the need for sustainable development. To this end, it proposes, in particular, the internalisation of external costs. It is not unhealthy, quite the contrary, for prices to reflect the total costs if we want competition to be, if not perfect, at least fair, both between modes and within road transport. But this raises the issue of regulation, on which the White Paper remains somewhat vague.